Unit 10
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Chapter 28. The Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity

  1. Introduction to the Protists

    1. Protists are the most diverse of all eukaryotes

    2. Symbiosis was involved in the genesis of eukaryotes from prokaryotes

  2. Protist Systematics and Phylogeny

    1. Monophyletic taxa are emerging from modern research in protist systematics

    2. Members of candidate kingdom Archaezoa lack mitochondria and may represent early eukaryotic lineages

    3. Candidate kingdom Euglenozoa includes both autotrophs and heterotrophic flagellates

    4. Surface cavities (alveoli) are diagnostic of candidate kingdom Alveolata

    5. A diverse assemblage of unicellular eukaryotes move by means of pseudopodia

    6. Slime molds have structural adaptations and life cycles that enhance their ecological role as decomposers

    7. Diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, and water molds are members of the candidate kingdom Stramenopila

    8. Structural and biochemical adaptations help seaweeds survive and reproduce at the ocean’s margins

    9. Some algae have life cycles with alternating multicellular haploid and diploid generations

    10. Red algae (candidate kingdom Rhodophyta) lack flagella

    11. Green algae and plants probably had a common photoautotrophic ancestor

      12.

    12. Multicellularity originated independently many times

Ch. 29. Plant Diversity I: The Colonization of Land.

  1. I.  An Overview of Plant Evolution

    1. Structural, chemical, and reproductive adaptations enabled plants to colonize land

    2. The history of terrestrial adaptation is the key to modern plant diversity

  2. II.  The Origins of Plants

    1. Plants probably evolved from green algae called charophytes

    2. Alternation of generations in plants may have originated by delayed meiosis

    3. Adaptations to shallow water as preadapted plants for living on land

  3. III. Bryophytes

    1. The embryophyte adaptation evolved in bryophytes

    2. The gametophyte is the dominant generation in the life cycles of byrophytes

    3. The three divisions of bryophytes are mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

  4. IV. The Origin of Vascular Plants

    1. Additional terrestrial adaptations evolved as vascular plants descended from bryophyte-like ancestors

    2. The branched sporophytes of vascular plants amplified the production of spores and made complex bodies possible

  5. V. Seedless Vascular Plants

    1. A sporophyte-dominant life cycle evolved in seedless vascular plants

    2. The three divisions of seedless vascular plants are lycophytes, horsetails, and ferns

    3. Seedless vascular plants formed vast "coal forests" during the carboniferous period

Ch. 30. Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants
  1.  Overview of Reproductive Adaptations of Seed Plants

    1. The gametophytes of seed plants became even more reduced than the gametophytes of seedless vascular plants

    2. In seed plants, the seed replaced the spore as the main means of dispersing offspring

    3. Pollen became the vehicles for sperm cells in seed plants

  2. II. Gymnosperms

    1. The Mesozoic era was the age of gymnosperms

    2. The four divisions of extant gymnosperms are the cycads, the ginkgo, the gnetophytes, and the conifers

    3. The life cycle of a pine demonstrates the key reproductive adaptations of seed plants

  3. III. Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)

    1. Terrestrial adaptation continued with the refinement of vascular tissue in angiosperms

    2. The flower is the defining reproductive adaptation of angiosperms

    3. Fruits help disperse the seeds of angiosperms

    4. The life cycle of an angiosperm is a highly refined version of the alternation of generations common to all plants

    5. The radiation of angiosperms marks the transition from the Mesozoic to the Cenozoic era

    6. Angiosperms and animals have shaped one another's evolution

    7. Agriculture is based almost entirely on angiosperms

  4. IV. The Global Impact of Plants

    1. Plants transformed the atmosphere and climate

    2. Plant diversity is a nonrenewable resource